cooperation once emphasized

This asymmetry has not gone unnoticed. NATO states have begun reassessing Arctic policy and defense investment. As Elana Wilson Rowe noted in Arctic Governance: Power in Cross-Border Cooperation, Arctic cooperation once emphasized environmental protection and indigenous rights. That consensus is now fraying. The militarization seen around Russian Arctic bases—especially in Kola Bay—is prompting countermeasures. Nordic countries are expanding surveillance capacities; Canada is revisiting the strategic relevance of the Northwest Passage. The U.S., for its part, has revived discussions around fleet modernization, while expressing renewed interest in Greenland and northern Alaska. แทงบอล